审计单元 C1 · accepted overlay
为什么中国可见的漂亮老房子似乎较少
中国古代的大量建筑都到哪里去了？
事实内核
保存、修复、重建的定义和长期维护确实会改变今天看见的建筑景观。
支持这一判断的视角
材料风险、维护周期、发展压力等可作为待逐项验证的机制候选。
替代解释
当前把物理存量、保护登记、可进入／旅游路线与平台注意力分为四个观察层；也把原始材料、维修、重建与今天外观分开。
仍未知
- 缺中欧同口径建筑级母表（严重度：claim_upgrade_blocking；影响：C1-Q1 及所有总量／比例图；下一证据：同一参考日、地理层级、建筑类型和纳入规则的逐建筑数据。）
- 缺原始／维修／迁建／复建／仿建统一状态字段（严重度：claim_upgrade_blocking；影响：C1-Q1、C1-Q3；下一证据：逐建筑材料与干预状态、定义和核验方法。）
- 缺同渠道中欧可见性样本（严重度：claim_upgrade_blocking；影响：C1-Q4；下一证据：同平台、同时间窗、同路线规则与用户群的预注册样本。）
- 缺机制份额与反事实（严重度：causal_ranking_blocking；影响：C1-Q2 及任何主因排序；下一证据：纵向拆除、灾损、修复、存续数据与可比反事实设计。）
现有资料不能建立中欧总体老建筑存量差异；具名案例支持损坏、维护、修复、重建、更新和观察筛选会改变今天看到的对象与外观。
本页登记 73 条 lane 来源记录；记录数不等于独立著作数，名录项、家庭户、住宅套数和建筑栋数也不得跨口径相除。
允许的有界措辞
- 总体比较未建立。
- 历史外观与原始材料连续保存必须分开。
- 名录、旅游路线与照片是观察层而非全部存量。
禁止升级
- 中国老建筑肯定比欧洲少
- 六种机制解释总体差异
- 某机制是全国主因
- 欧洲历史外观等于原始材料连续保存
- 名录或照片等于全部建筑存量
claim_evidence_matrix · as of 2026-08-26
四个问题的证据关系
当前资料能否建立中国与欧洲可见老建筑总量差异？
缺少定义、日期、地理、类型、材料状态一致的建筑级母表。
上限：comparison-not-established
- 直接反例：三个名录使用不同记录单位，不能组成统一分子。
证据：C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 C1-D-dr-london-listed-building-lpa-counts C1-D-dr-paris-monuments-query
- 未知：同口径中欧建筑级母表仍未知。
证据：C1-D-dr-mem-national-housing-census C1-D-dr-london-voa-stock-extract C1-D-dr-paris-insee-housing-2023
具名损坏、修复、重建和更新过程能否改变今天外观？
多项对象与小样本资料支持过程存在，但不支持全国排序。
上限：no national mechanism share
- 支持历史命题：具名对象中可见破坏、修复、重建或拆除。
证据：C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street
- 未知：各机制全国份额和跨国排序未知。
历史外观是否等于原始材料连续保存？
欧洲三项重建案例明确要求分开材料连续性和今天外观。
上限：case-bounded material distinction
- 直接反例：重建、新材料和旧材料再利用可共同形成历史外观。
证据：C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction
名录、路线和平台照片能否直接代表物理建筑存量？
这些集合均经过制度、访问、路线或用户注意力筛选。
上限：observation-layer-only
- 仅作语境：资料支持观察层存在选择过程。
证据：C1-D-dr-dcsm-listing-selection C1-R-rv-cultural-route-social-media C1-R-rv-nanjing-digital-footprints
- 未知：中欧观察偏差的同口径大小未知。
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 C1-D-dr-london-listed-building-lpa-counts C1-D-dr-paris-monuments-query C1-D-dr-mem-national-housing-census C1-D-dr-london-voa-stock-extract C1-D-dr-paris-insee-housing-2023 C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street C1-D-dr-getty-inventory-quality C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction C1-D-dr-dcsm-listing-selection C1-R-rv-cultural-route-social-media C1-R-rv-nanjing-digital-footprints C1-R-rv-tourism-sample-bias
comparison_denominator_matrix · as of 2026-08-26
分母错位矩阵
这里不画比例柱：分子、分母或地理范围不同的除法 只能暴露口径错位，不能表示哪一侧老建筑更多。
| 地区／记录 | 分子 | 分母 | 单位错位 | 判定 | 证据 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1-DEN-BEIJING北京 |
1,056 项历史建筑登记 | 9,137,928 户（家庭户与集体户合计） | 建筑登记项 vs 户 | NOT_COMPARABLE 保护名录是选择集；人口普查户数不是建筑存量。 |
C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 C1-D-dr-beijing-census-households-2020 |
C1-DEN-LONDON伦敦 |
19,447 个 listed entries | 3,813,790 个 domestic properties；其中 1,117,340 个 pre-1919 properties | 名录 entry vs 税务 property；entry 也不必等于物理建筑 | DIAGNOSTIC_ONLY 可诊断登记覆盖口径，不能与中国名录直接比较物理存量。 |
C1-D-dr-london-listed-building-lpa-counts C1-D-dr-london-voa-stock-extract C1-D-dr-england-listed-building-spec |
C1-DEN-PARIS巴黎 |
1,879 条 protected records | 1,121,033 套主要住宅；其中 351,722 套 pre-1919 | 保护记录 vs 住宅套数 | DIAGNOSTIC_ONLY 记录可含不同对象；住宅分母排除了非住宅遗产。 |
C1-D-dr-paris-monuments-query C1-D-dr-paris-insee-housing-2023 C1-D-dr-france-merimee-method |
C1-DEN-FANGSHAN北京房山 |
382,380 栋调查房屋建筑 | 不可与北京市 1,056 项历史建筑登记拼接 | 区级普查栋数 vs 市级选择名录 | REJECTED_JOIN 地理范围、调查方法、对象与参考日期不一致。 |
C1-D-dr-beijing-fangshan-housing-pilot C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 |
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 C1-D-dr-beijing-census-households-2020 C1-D-dr-london-listed-building-lpa-counts C1-D-dr-london-voa-stock-extract C1-D-dr-england-listed-building-spec C1-D-dr-paris-monuments-query C1-D-dr-paris-insee-housing-2023 C1-D-dr-france-merimee-method C1-D-dr-beijing-fangshan-housing-pilot
material_visibility_layers · as of 2026-08-26
材料—干预—外观状态链
C1-LIFE-WARSAW华沙历史中心
- 损坏／变化1944 年超过 85% 的历史中心被毁（限 UNESCO property）
- 残存材料残存结构与重建结构须分开
- 干预战后系统重建
- 今天外观历史城市外观包含重建成果
边界：不是全华沙建筑存量率
C1-LIFE-MOSTAR莫斯塔尔老桥
- 损坏／变化战争破坏
- 残存材料保留基础与残片
- 干预用新采石材并结合残存材料重建
- 今天外观恢复地标性历史形态
边界：单体与遗产区案例，不代表欧洲存量
C1-LIFE-DRESDEN德累斯顿圣母教堂
- 损坏／变化二战毁坏并长期留作废墟
- 残存材料提名文件称约 40% 石材从废墟中 recovered；不在此升级为全部已再利用
- 干预考古记录支持的重建
- 今天外观重建后的外观与回收材料记录必须分开阅读
边界：40% 仅属这座建筑，且 recovered 不自动等于 reused
C1-R-rv-dresden-unesco-nomination C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction C1-R-rv-dresden-saxony-archaeology
C1-LIFE-WUDANG武当山遇真宫相关火灾案例
- 损坏／变化2003 年火灾造成具名建筑损害
- 残存材料对象级材料状态需按事故与修复记录核对
- 干预后续保护／修复语境
- 今天外观今天可见状态不等于灾前原状
边界：不能推算中国火灾损失份额
C1-LIFE-WHITE-DAGOBA妙应寺白塔
- 损坏／变化历史损害与维修记录并存
- 残存材料现存对象含长期维护结果
- 干预历次维修与保护
- 今天外观延续性与干预共同塑造外观
边界：不是未经变化的原始状态
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-story C1-R-rv-dresden-unesco-nomination C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction C1-R-rv-dresden-saxony-archaeology C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA
observation_channel_layers · as of 2026-08-26
物理存量与三类观察渠道
渠道并列，不画嵌套漏斗：当前证据没有证明四层 构成严格子集，也没有同口径数量；卡片等宽且不制造“越往下越少”的伪比例。
-
物理存量
筛选关系：某时点实际存在的建筑／构筑物
缺失：目前没有同口径中欧建筑级母表
不得推出：不能从名录反推全部存量
C1-D-dr-mem-national-housing-census C1-D-dr-england-voa-ctsop-background
-
登记／保护
筛选关系：经价值、条件与行政程序选入的记录集
缺失：不同国家 entry、site、building 的单位不同
不得推出：名录少不等于实物少
C1-D-dr-dcsm-listing-selection C1-D-dr-france-protection-definition C1-D-dr-china-principles
-
可进入／旅游路线
筛选关系：开放、可达、被线路组织的子集
缺失：没有同口径中欧访问抽样
不得推出：旅行经验不等于城市存量
C1-R-rv-unesco-selection-criteria C1-R-rv-cultural-route-social-media
-
平台照片／注意力
筛选关系：用户、平台、地点和路线共同筛出的可见样本
缺失：没有匹配平台、时间和用户群的中欧样本
不得推出：照片多寡不等于存量多寡
C1-R-rv-cuzco-geotagged-photos C1-R-rv-ljubljana-flickr C1-R-rv-amsterdam-flickr C1-R-rv-nanjing-digital-footprints C1-R-rv-tourism-sample-bias
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-D-dr-mem-national-housing-census C1-D-dr-england-voa-ctsop-background C1-D-dr-dcsm-listing-selection C1-D-dr-france-protection-definition C1-D-dr-china-principles C1-R-rv-unesco-selection-criteria C1-R-rv-cultural-route-social-media C1-R-rv-cuzco-geotagged-photos C1-R-rv-ljubljana-flickr C1-R-rv-amsterdam-flickr C1-R-rv-nanjing-digital-footprints C1-R-rv-tourism-sample-bias
mechanism_matrix · as of 2026-08-26
机制—具名对象矩阵
| 事件 | 制度术语 | 状态 | 证据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1-MECH-FIRE | 火灾；维修／修复 | object_level_supported; national_share_unknown | C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA C1-M-C1-NANYUE-FIRE-REPAIR |
| C1-MECH-WAR | 战争破坏；灾后重建 | bounded_cases_supported; cross_country_rank_forbidden | C1-M-C1-SACRED-RESURGENCE C1-M-C1-CHONGQING-WARTIME C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc |
| C1-MECH-URBAN | 城市更新；拆除；适应性利用 | named_cases_supported; national_share_unknown | C1-M-C1-BEIJING-HUTONG C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street C1-M-C1-PINGYAO-URBAN |
| C1-MECH-PROTECTION | 保护制度；登记；持续维护 | institutional_interface_supported; effectiveness_not_measured | C1-M-C1-CULTURAL-RELIC-LAW C1-M-C1-CHINA-PRINCIPLES C1-D-dr-historic-england-har-method |
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA C1-M-C1-NANYUE-FIRE-REPAIR C1-M-C1-SACRED-RESURGENCE C1-M-C1-CHONGQING-WARTIME C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-M-C1-BEIJING-HUTONG C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street C1-M-C1-PINGYAO-URBAN C1-M-C1-CULTURAL-RELIC-LAW C1-M-C1-CHINA-PRINCIPLES C1-D-dr-historic-england-har-method
bidirectional_counterexample_board · as of 2026-08-26
双向反例板
平遥、应县木塔、白塔、碉楼等阻止“中国没有老建筑”的单向叙事。
边界：具名案例不是全国比例。
C1-R-rv-pingyao-unesco C1-M-C1-YINGXIAN-FENGGUO C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA C1-M-C1-DIAOLOU-COUNTEREXAMPLE
塔林与捷克克鲁姆洛夫展示保存较完整的历史城市案例。
边界：UNESCO selected property 不是欧洲随机样本。
华沙、莫斯塔尔、德累斯顿展示历史外观可由重建和材料再利用构成。
边界：不把重建写成欺骗，也不把外观当原始材料比例。
C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction
北京胡同与广州历史街区案例展示城市更新中的损失。
边界：不能由两个案例推出全国主因或份额。
C1-R-rv-beijing-hutong-cambridge C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：仅表达冻结证据支持的关系；unknown 不是 0，来源数不是票数。
禁止推断：跨口径比较；全国因果排序；按来源数投票
证据：C1-R-rv-pingyao-unesco C1-M-C1-YINGXIAN-FENGGUO C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA C1-M-C1-DIAOLOU-COUNTEREXAMPLE C1-R-rv-tallinn-unesco C1-R-rv-cesky-krumlov-unesco C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction C1-R-rv-beijing-hutong-cambridge C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street
source_reader · as of 2026-08-26
73 条来源记录阅读器
Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
2000; PDF edition opened 2026-08-26
The document describes a historical national inventory and a tiered selection into protected entities, then defines an identification-to-review conservation process.
- locator
- PDF introduction pp.3-4 and Articles 1-2, 9-12; extracted-text lines 219-233, 395-426, 488-520
- support ceiling
- China has an explicit heritage-site inventory/protection vocabulary；registered/protected sites are a selected hierarchy rather than an all-building denominator；records, boundaries and management are part of formal protection
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- current all-building Chinese stock；current implementation or survival rate；China-Europe overall count difference or mechanism ranking
Historic Centre of Warsaw
World Heritage inscription 1980; body opened 2026-08-26
UNESCO describes a selected historic-centre property that was more than 85% destroyed in 1944 and reconstructed, while distinguishing surviving and reconstructed structures.
- locator
- UNESCO body lines 2-6, 43-53, 58-69
- support ceiling
- a bounded European destruction/reconstruction counterexample；surviving and reconstructed fabric can coexist and should be separated
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all-Warsaw building-stock loss；European or Chinese city-wide prevalence；a same-denominator cross-country comparison
全国自然灾害综合风险普查房屋建筑数据成果发布
2023-02-15
The Ministry report describes nationwide housing/building data collected in the first natural-disaster comprehensive risk census.
- locator
- official page body; extracted text line 83
- support ceiling
- a national all-urban-and-rural housing-building census product exists；the source is an all-stock-like denominator candidate, distinct from heritage registers
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a Beijing-only denominator；historic-building status or survival；comparability with a European listed/protected register without harmonization
第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查公报
2024-05-09
The bulletin defines the first national comprehensive natural-disaster risk census and says housing stock spatial/physical attributes and digital identifiers were compiled into a database.
- locator
- official bulletin body; extracted text lines 1-14 and 36+
- support ceiling
- national building-stock variables and identifiers are available in a formal census database；a possible denominator has spatial and physical-attribute fields
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- an exact current building total in the opened bulletin；heritage-register coverage or old-building survival；cross-country comparability
国务院关于核定并公布第八批全国重点文物保护单位的通知
2019-10-16
The eighth national key cultural-relics batch contains a selected register with category totals, including ancient buildings and modern/representative buildings.
- locator
- official notice text lines 1-12, 62, 114; attached list PDF
- support ceiling
- a current-ish selected national protected register has explicit categories and counts；register category and unit definitions differ from all-building stock
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- the total number of historic buildings in China；survival/loss rates；a Europe comparison
北京市历史建筑规划管理工作规程（试行）政策解读
2023-12-28 / page 2024-06-06
Beijing reports three batches of 1,056 historic buildings/building seats across 11 districts and defines intervention and recordkeeping requirements.
- locator
- official page extracted lines 17-29, 31-47
- support ceiling
- Beijing has a bounded historic-building register numerator；the register covers all 11 districts and has explicit intervention/record fields
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all Beijing buildings；historic-building prevalence；Europe comparison or causal explanation
北京历史文化资源统计汇总（保护对象摘要）
statistics through 2025-02
The table separately lists 135 national key cultural-relic units, 257 Beijing municipal units, 1,056 historic buildings, 49 historic-cultural districts and other resource categories.
- locator
- PDF extracted text pp.42-43 / lines 1470-1500; note says data through 2025-02
- support ceiling
- Beijing protection and historic-environment inventories are plural and must be kept as separate universes；selected register counts can be reported with date and unit labels
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a sum of all historic buildings；all-building denominator；cross-country prevalence or causal mechanism
房屋建筑单元划分及编码技术指南（试行）
2026 guide opened 2026-08-26
The Beijing guide defines building units for residential, public, industrial and storage buildings and splits units by connectivity, function and construction time.
- locator
- PDF extracted lines 498-504, 581-646, 717-735
- support ceiling
- a recomputable all-building denominator would need a defined building-unit rule；the dictionary supplies unit/granularity and field harmonization rules
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- the number of Beijing building units；historic status；a directly comparable Europe denominator
北京市第七次全国人口普查公报（第一号）
2021-05-19; census reference 2020-11-01
The census reports 8,230,792 family households and 907,136 collective households in Beijing at the 2020 census reference time.
- locator
- official body extracted lines 12-28; section 二、户别人口
- support ceiling
- a reproducible Beijing household-unit count is available as a non-building denominator proxy；the census date and household definition are explicit
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a building count；historic-building prevalence；comparability to listed-building entries or protected monuments
北京市历史建筑名单（open-data catalogue entry）
catalogue entry opened 2026-08-26
The catalogue identifies a Beijing historic-building-list dataset and names its administrative-district, street, historic-cultural-area, group/building, address and individual-building fields.
- locator
- catalogue PDF extracted lines 8103-8105
- support ceiling
- the selected register has field-level locators suitable for de-duplication and aggregation；building/group and address fields should not be conflated
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- the row count in the catalogue PDF；all-building stock；cross-country comparability by itself
房山区第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查房屋建筑调查
2020-12-18
Fangshan reports a survey of 382,380 urban/rural residential and non-residential buildings and 98,876,000 square metres for the district.
- locator
- official page extracted line 64
- support ceiling
- a Chinese local all-building survey can provide a physical-building denominator with explicit residential/non-residential strata；survey denominator and area are distinct fields
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- Beijing-wide stock；historic status or survival；direct Europe comparison
Council Tax: stock of properties, 2024 — background information
2024-10-07; data extract 2024-03-31
VOA defines domestic properties/dwellings, gives CTSOP4.1 geography/build-period tables, rounds counts to the nearest ten, and documents comparability and property-unit rules.
- locator
- GOV.UK body extracted lines 135-190, 558-605, 640-710
- support ceiling
- London has an official physical-property denominator with build-period fields；unit, inclusion, date and comparability rules are explicit
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a count of buildings rather than dwellings/properties；heritage status or unlisted-building coverage；direct equivalence to NHLE entries
CTSOP4.1 London regional build-period extraction
2024-03-31 extract
The London regional all-band row contains 3,813,790 properties, of which 1,117,340 are in pre-1919 build periods.
- locator
- CTSOP4_1_2024_03_31.csv; geography=REGL, area_code=E12000007, band=All; extraction query recorded in REPORT.md
- support ceiling
- a recomputable London domestic-property denominator；a pre-1919 age-band denominator for local comparison
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a count of buildings or historic buildings；the share of properties that are listed；same-date equivalence to the live NHLE count
Listed building data specification
updated 2025-08-07
The specification says the dataset is the National Heritage List for England and must contain at least one row for each listed building, with a permanent reference and location fields.
- locator
- official specification extracted lines 52-99 and 105-147
- support ceiling
- the listed-register numerator has a defined row/reference unit；a local planning API query can be reproduced by geography entity
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all physical buildings；one row equals one standalone building in every case；heritage prevalence without a stock denominator
National Heritage List for England — Listed Building points
service body opened 2026-08-26; item updated daily metadata
The current ArcGIS layer count query returned 379,685 listed-building points; the layer description warns that walls, gates, memorials, gravestones, post boxes and telephone boxes can be listed.
- locator
- ArcGIS layer 0; count query with returnCountOnly=true; layer fields OBJECTID,ListEntry,Name,Grade,ListDate,AmendDate,geometry
- support ceiling
- a directly queryable England selected-register numerator；the layer has unique entry references and explicit structure/unit caveats
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all England buildings；all listed physical buildings because entries can cover structures/non-buildings；London stock prevalence without geographic intersection and date alignment
London listed-building entry counts by local planning authority
API queried 2026-08-26
The API returns 19,447 listed-building entries for the 32 London boroughs plus City of London when the separate overlapping London Legacy Development Corporation entity is excluded.
- locator
- For each LPA entity 626188–626220: dataset=listed-building, geometry_entity=<entity>, geometry_relation=within, limit=1, field=entity; sum excludes overlapping LLDC 626329
- support ceiling
- a recomputable local selected-register numerator for London；geographic entity IDs and an explicit overlap rule are recorded
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- one entry equals one physical building；all London buildings；a same-date prevalence ratio against VOA properties
Heritage Counts indicator data: historic environment assets
2025 assets; body opened 2026-08-26
Historic England reports 2025 national-register counts and separately reports England pre-1919/pre-1945 housing stock from VOA, illustrating distinct register and stock universes.
- locator
- Historic England body lines 124-153, 170-218 (web ref turn435view2)
- support ceiling
- official denominator ladder separates listed-register entries from housing stock；national context shows register and all-stock measures are different units
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- London physical-building stock；a listed share of all buildings；cross-country rate comparison
Mérimée: a database of French monumental heritage
page states >320,000 notices as of October 2020
The Ministry explains that Mérimée contains more than 320,000 notices and combines protected-monument, general-inventory and regional datasets; the same building may appear in more than one notice.
- locator
- Ministry page body; sections describing Mérimée and notice types
- support ceiling
- French heritage databases have explicit multiple-notice and universe distinctions；a notice count cannot be assumed to equal buildings
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- current protected-building count in Paris；all French building stock；cross-country prevalence
Protéger des immeubles au titre des monuments historiques
statistics at 2024-01-01
France has classified and inscribed protection levels; the Ministry reports 45,080 protected monuments at 2024-01-01 and says protected immeubles can be built/unbuilt or partial.
- locator
- Ministry body lines on two protection levels and 2024 count
- support ceiling
- legal protection levels and count date are explicit；protection numerator is not restricted to whole residential buildings
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all French historic-building stock；Paris all-building denominator；equivalence to England listed entries or Chinese historic-building units
Monuments Historiques layer
last update April 2024; total France 46,422 monuments in 2024 metadata
The layer metadata names the Ministry as source, covers metropolitan France and DROM, and reports 46,422 monuments in the 2024 adapted layer; a count query is retained.
- locator
- ArcGIS layer 0; count query; fields reference, commune, department, protection nature, dating
- support ceiling
- a reproducible protected-monument feature universe and local filter fields；Paris department/commune query can be recomputed
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all French buildings；current exact Ministry-native dataset without adaptation caveat；whole-building prevalence
Paris protected monuments query (commune Paris 75056)
API queried 2026-08-26
The Paris commune query returns 1,879 protected-monument records with unique references; the query excludes non-Paris communes whose names contain Paris.
- locator
- where=commune__1 LIKE 'Paris %'; returnGeometry=false; outFields=reference,commune__1,cog_insee_,nature_de_,datation_d,date_de__1; 1,879 rows and unique references
- support ceiling
- a local protected-register numerator with reproducible geography/filter；record-level uniqueness was checked for the returned Paris set
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all Paris buildings；all old buildings or residential buildings；a protected share without matching physical-building denominator
INSEE RP2023 LOG T8 — Paris principal residences by completion period
RP2023; geography 2026-01-01
INSEE reports 1,121,033 Paris principal residences built before 2021, including 351,722 built before 1919.
- locator
- INSEE LOG T8 extracted lines 1063-1074
- support ceiling
- a local Paris dwelling denominator with explicit age band；pre-1919 and all-before-2021 denominators are reproducible
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- all physical buildings, vacant/secondary/non-residential stock；heritage status；direct equivalence to protected-monument records
Inventories and Surveys: inventory quality dimensions
institutional method chapter; body opened 2026-08-26
Getty's institutional method chapter distinguishes completeness, uniqueness, accuracy, consistency, currency and accessibility, and warns about duplicate records from merged legacy sources.
- locator
- Getty body lines 14-40
- support ceiling
- coverage and duplication are independent inventory-quality dimensions；a count comparison needs unit semantics, source integration and currency checks
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a measured China-Europe coverage bias；cause of any observed count gap；a building-stock numerator/denominator
Heritage at Risk: selection criteria
body opened 2026-08-26
Historic England's risk register uses designated-status, grade, condition and occupancy rules; it is a selected assessment universe rather than all historic buildings.
- locator
- selection body lines 130-174
- support ceiling
- selection/assessment coverage varies by legal designation and grade；register counts and risk-assessed counts are different universes
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a measured omission rate for London；a cause of China-Europe differences；all-stock denominator
Heritage at Risk Statistics Method Statement 2025
2025 method statement; body opened 2026-08-26
Historic England states that NHLE entries may cover more than one building or non-building structures and that resources prevent comprehensive annual assessment of all listed entries.
- locator
- method statement body lines 25-43, 60-64, 274-324, 347-363
- support ceiling
- entry-to-building multiplicity and incomplete condition assessment are documented coverage constraints；counts from risk programmes should not be compared as all-stock quantities
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- an omission percentage for London listed buildings；a causal ranking of register bias；China register coverage
Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings
body opened 2026-08-26
The UK policy states that listing is selective, uses age/rarity/representativeness and other criteria, and distinguishes local listing from statutory listing.
- locator
- GOV.UK body lines 81-106, 113-123, 137-160
- support ceiling
- selection criteria create a documented coverage boundary around statutory listed counts；criteria and historical selection practice can change the composition of a register
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- the direction or size of China-Europe differences；a count of unlisted historic buildings；an empirical causal effect
Reflections on the importance of built heritage inventory as a tool for preservation in Karachi
2023
The study builds a bounded 136-item Karachi inventory and discusses gaps, mapping/enlistment, ownership bias and restricted data access as inventory limitations.
- locator
- article body lines 11-49, 79-100, 164-170, 191-196, 267-280
- support ceiling
- peer-reviewed method literature documents coverage/selection bias channels in heritage inventories；inventory count and all-stock count must be distinguished
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a China-Europe coverage estimate；the cause of any observed regional count difference；a national or city-wide building denominator
China Principles project overview
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for China Principles project overview.
- locator
- Getty lines 119-158 turn376view0
- support ceiling
- institutional provenance and dated revision history；normative conservation-guidance status；visitor management appears in the project's problem context
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a census of Chinese old buildings；a Europe–China denominator or material-survival ratio；measured conservation outcomes
Development of the China Principles
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Development of the China Principles.
- locator
- Getty lines 93-104 turn379view2
- support ceiling
- normative scope and tourism-related problem framing；value-based/holistic conservation orientation
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- visitor counts or route effects；causal magnitude of any loss mechanism；national stock totals
Revising and expanding the China Principles
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Revising and expanding the China Principles.
- locator
- Getty lines 94-107 turn379view3
- support ceiling
- revision chronology；cultural-route and visitor-management topics in the revised guidance
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- that workshops changed conservation outcomes；tourist-flow measurements；a national or Europe–China stock comparison
China Principles (2015) metadata
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for China Principles (2015) metadata.
- locator
- ICOMOS lines 20-79 turn384view0
- support ceiling
- edition/page-count/source identity；institutional doctrinal classification；CC BY-NC-ND rights metadata
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- empirical conservation outcomes；building counts；a cross-country denominator
China Principles extracted public mirror
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for China Principles extracted public mirror.
- locator
- Mirror lines 97-109 turn389view0
- support ceiling
- body context for physical-remains and reconstruction vocabulary；warning that a legend/document alone does not prove a heritage location
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- primary-publisher authority for the mirror；a survival rate or comparable China denominator；implementation outcomes
Historic Centre of Warsaw
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Historic Centre of Warsaw.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 49-76 turn376view2/turn376view5
- support ceiling
- a near-total-destruction→reconstruction→historic-appearance case；partial original-fabric continuity versus dominant reconstruction；exteriors recreated while interiors were adapted
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- that present Warsaw buildings are mostly original fabric；a Europe-wide survival rate；a China comparison without the same unit and denominator
Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 55-78 turn376view3
- support ceiling
- new material can retain documented form/technique/authenticity attributes；urban rehabilitation can combine surviving and reconstructed layers；bridge and surrounding urban fabric require separate status coding
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- original stone continuity for the rebuilt bridge；one intervention history for every Mostar building；a regional stock ratio
The Mostar Bridge story
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for The Mostar Bridge story.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 10-23 turn376view4
- support ceiling
- new bridge fabric versus salvaged remnants；project chronology and material provenance；historic form was intentionally recreated
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- an exact replica having original material continuity；a complete old-town inventory；a count of surviving Mostar houses
Frauenkirche Dresden reconstruction
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Frauenkirche Dresden reconstruction.
- locator
- Foundation lines 56, 86-151 turn394view0
- support ceiling
- defined reconstruction lifecycle；archaeological recovery/mapping as part of reconstruction；object-level distinction from wider Dresden stock
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- that all Dresden historic fabric was reconstructed；that the church is materially intact；a national survival rate
Frauenkirche Bauchronik
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Frauenkirche Bauchronik.
- locator
- Bauchronik lines 83-84 turn394view1
- support ceiling
- archaeological recovery of original components；reused/recovered fabric versus new construction；evidence for material-continuity coding
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- that every original component survived；that reuse makes the church an undamaged survivor；a city-wide material ratio
Frauenkirche reconstruction challenges
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Frauenkirche reconstruction challenges.
- locator
- Challenges lines 55-69 turn394view2
- support ceiling
- reused original stones can coexist with modern structural fabric；evidence-led historic appearance；technical separation of old and new material
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a complete material survival ratio；modern engineering being equivalent to historic construction；all Dresden façades sharing this method
Around the Frauenkirche
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Around the Frauenkirche.
- locator
- Saxony lines 160-186 turn394view3
- support ceiling
- archaeological context beyond the church object；distinction between monument and surrounding quarter；evidence that urban layers are not one homogeneous stock
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a full Dresden building census；all Neumarkt buildings sharing the Frauenkirche's material history；a Europe-wide reconstruction ratio
Dresden Elbe Valley nomination dossier
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Dresden Elbe Valley nomination dossier.
- locator
- Nomination lines 8641-8665, 8708-8729, 8752-8760 turn394view4
- support ceiling
- quantified material continuity for one church；selective Dresden policy versus Warsaw's near-total urban reconstruction；critical distinction between church-stone percentage and city stock
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- 40% as a Dresden/Europe building-stock ratio；all old façades being original；post-2004 conditions beyond the nomination snapshot
Burra Charter practice notes / 2013 link
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Burra Charter practice notes / 2013 link.
- locator
- Australia ICOMOS lines 66-70 turn401view0
- support ceiling
- edition and institutional provenance of the vocabulary source
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- case-specific legal status；empirical conservation outcomes；a survival statistic
The Burra Charter (2013)
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for The Burra Charter (2013).
- locator
- PDF lines 200-223, 288-297 turn403view0
- support ceiling
- operational coding for repair, restoration and reconstruction；material continuity separated from historic appearance；minimal-change/no-conjecture constraint
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- universal jurisdictional law；project compliance for Warsaw/Mostar/Dresden；a numerical stock estimate
ICOMOS New Zealand Charter
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for ICOMOS New Zealand Charter.
- locator
- PDF lines 195-211, 223-257 turn403view1
- support ceiling
- independent doctrinal corroboration for material-status coding；hierarchy of preservation/restoration/reconstruction/adaptation；warning that reconstructed elements are not usually the majority
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a universal legal test；case-specific percentages；a national stock comparison
Guidance on post-trauma recovery and reconstruction
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Guidance on post-trauma recovery and reconstruction.
- locator
- PDF lines 301-353 turn403view2
- support ceiling
- post-trauma lifecycle framing；surviving/new material coexistence；recovery is not a literal return to a prior condition
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- reconstruction being fake or valueless；a case-level material percentage；a Europe–China stock comparison
World Heritage selection criteria
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for World Heritage selection criteria.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 1-29, 52 turn406view4
- support ceiling
- World Heritage list is filtered by significance and management；listed-site visibility cannot be a denominator for all old buildings
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- uninscribed places lacking heritage value；inscription counts comparing national historic stock；a material-survival rate
Heritage at Risk selection criteria
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Heritage at Risk selection criteria.
- locator
- Historic England lines 130-160, 169-225 turn406view2
- support ceiling
- designation and risk are separate filters；register visibility is a selected monitoring layer
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- all historic buildings in England；a cross-country survival ratio；absence from the register meaning absence of heritage
Heritage at Risk statistics method statement 2024
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Heritage at Risk statistics method statement 2024.
- locator
- Method lines 98-163 turn406view3
- support ceiling
- explicit registration missingness and capacity limits；NHLE entry counts are not one-entry-one-building；Grade II assessment gap as a denominator warning
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a China–England survival ratio；all extant historic assets being assessed；entry counts as building counts
Visuality and tourism through geotagged Internet photos
2026-08-26
Full preprint body reports 57,804 images from 2,261 users at 12 archaeological sites over 2004-2019; it models route/photo attention and explicitly warns not all tourists take, geotag or upload the same number of photos.
- locator
- ArXiv PDF pages 0-3, 7-10; especially p.3 lines 75-89, p.7 lines 184-212 and p.9 lines 263-274 (turn450view0)
- support ceiling
- geotagged photos operationalize tourist observability；visitor pass/circuit and platform activity shape photographed visibility；authors' own sampling-bias warning
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- all-building counts；original-material share；zero/low photos proving absent heritage
Tourism flows and Plečnik heritage in Ljubljana
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Tourism flows and Plečnik heritage in Ljubljana.
- locator
- Article lines 29-34 turn406view1
- support ceiling
- itinerary/accessibility concentrates observed heritage attention；central and remote visibility can diverge within one World Heritage property
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- complete stock of remote landmarks；unphotographed/less-visited meaning absent；a China–Europe building ratio
Flickr data for alternative tourist spots in Amsterdam
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Flickr data for alternative tourist spots in Amsterdam.
- locator
- ISPRS lines 294-310 turn407view1
- support ceiling
- platform geotags can reveal hotspots and alternative routes；heatmaps measure observed attention rather than total built stock
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- an unbiased historic-building inventory；photographic silence proving no heritage；cross-city survival totals
Tourist survey sample-selection bias
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Tourist survey sample-selection bias.
- locator
- SAGE lines 31-33 turn407view2
- support ceiling
- visitor survey selection bias is a known methodological issue；sample denominator requires explicit selection treatment
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a corrected China–Europe building comparison；heritage-stock measurement without a stock frame；all tourist samples being biased in the same direction
Cultural routes and visitor flows using social-media data
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Cultural routes and visitor flows using social-media data.
- locator
- Nature lines 285-355 turn407view3
- support ceiling
- route visibility is jointly shaped by attractions, services and accessibility；geotag records can diagnose observed flows under a defined grid
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- route records as total heritage stock；accessibility-adjusted visits proving more/fewer old buildings；a China–Europe stock ratio
Digital footprints and historic urban landscape perception
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Digital footprints and historic urban landscape perception.
- locator
- Springer lines 208-220, 239-265, 283-289, 320-373 turn407view4/turn409view4
- support ceiling
- node weighting is required when photo counts differ；photos represent subjective attention/perception, not complete heritage；platform/category missingness must be shown
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- city/national stock survival ratio；photo count as all-heritage denominator；zero comments/photos proving no heritage value
Ancient City of Ping Yao
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Ancient City of Ping Yao.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 48-71 turn413view0
- support ceiling
- Chinese positive preservation counterexample；bounded urban fabric/shops/dwellings visible in one selected property
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- China-wide preservation rate；all Chinese old-house stock；a Europe–China ratio
Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 44-72 turn413view1
- support ceiling
- European positive preservation counterexample；all-structure conservation-area layer；tourism refurbishment can coexist with conservation
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- Europe-wide intactness；a Central Europe stock denominator；China comparison without matched property/stock definitions
Historic Centre of Český Krumlov
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Historic Centre of Český Krumlov.
- locator
- UNESCO lines 48-70 turn413view2
- support ceiling
- second European positive preservation counterexample；original layout/detail/material continuity described at town level
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- Central Europe-wide intactness；a national or regional denominator；China comparison without matched unit
Making urban memory visible: on-screen transformation of Beijing's hutong districts
2026-08-26
Opened body supports the bounded relation described in the lane report for Making urban memory visible: on-screen transformation of Beijing's hutong districts.
- locator
- Cambridge lines 504-515, 625-660 turn430view1
- support ceiling
- China urban-fabric loss/redevelopment counterexample；visual records can outlive demolished fabric；explicit representation limits on film evidence
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- a national hutong loss percentage；China-wide old-house survival rate；film archive as an all-building inventory
Social costs of redevelopment: historic Guangzhou street demolition for subway
2026-08-26
Full preprint body examines demolition of Miaoqianzhijie, a historic Guangzhou street, for a subway station and measures social costs to small businesses, ties and memories; it is one redevelopment case, not a building census.
- locator
- ArXiv PDF pages 0-2, 4; especially p.0 lines 0-17 and p.4 lines 178-182 (turn451view0/turn451view1)
- support ceiling
- specific Chinese urban-renewal loss mechanism；social/visual continuity costs are measurable in an object-level case；participatory GIS and origin–destination methods expose distributional effects
- 公开素材
- link_only_metadata
- 禁止推断
- extent of historic-street demolition across China；a national old-house survival ratio；all Guangzhou historic fabric sharing this case
Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
2000; revised 2015 edition represented by the PDF
Defines traditional architecture and historic precincts as heritage-site types and sets identification, assessment, proclamation, planning, implementation and periodic review as a conservation process.
- locator
- PDF pp.10-12, 24-25; web line ranges recorded in artifact
- support ceiling
- China has a formal conservation vocabulary and process for traditional buildings, villages and towns；records, boundaries, management, buffers and reversibility are explicit institutional mechanisms
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a China-wide old-building stock count；compliance or implementation rate；a China-Europe comparison；causal ranking or mechanism shares
China Principles project
1997-2015 project history
The project lists economic development, social mobility, changing mores and tourism as conservation challenges, then reports guidelines, training and named applications at Mogao, Chengde/Imperial Mountain Resort and Shuxiang Temple.
- locator
- Project page lines 87-129; development page lines 95-102
- support ceiling
- named challenge categories in the project’s own diagnosis；guideline dissemination and object-level applications/training
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- measured national loss shares；independent causal effects；compliance rates；mechanism ranking
Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures
published 2008; Representative List 2009
Describes tenon-jointed timber frames, earthquake flexibility, master-apprentice transmission and present use for traditional-style construction and restoration of ancient timber buildings.
- locator
- UNESCO archive lines 52-61, 83-106
- support ceiling
- a technical tradition exists and is used in restoration；craft components and transmission pathway are documented
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- how many old timber structures survive；original-fabric rates；fire/war loss rates；national or European comparison
Yingxian Wooden Pagoda and Fengguo Monastery
tentative-list dossier; accessed 2026-08-26
The dossier describes a 1056 timber pagoda and Fengguo complex, restoration records, traditional-material repairs, inscriptions for replaced components and a regulated urban-development setting.
- locator
- UNESCO page lines 88-109, 123-135
- support ceiling
- a named Chinese timber complex retains important original structure through weathering and repair；cyclic repair and recording are observable mechanisms；a preserved counterexample exists
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- national prevalence；original-fabric share across China；causal separation of policy, remoteness, design and repair
Fire damages Ancient Building Complex at Wudang Mountains
incident 20 Jan 2003; report 5 Feb 2003
UNESCO reports Yuzhengong Palace burned to the ground in about 2.5 hours and many Ming structures were damaged.
- locator
- UNESCO news lines 259-273
- support ceiling
- catastrophic fire can remove a named Chinese timber building；fire risk is an observed mechanism, not only a theoretical material property
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- national fire-loss frequency；comparative fire rates；fire’s share of all old-building disappearance
White Dagoba Temple / Miaoying Temple history
historical events 1271-2002; pages accessed 2026-08-26
A 1368 lightning fire destroyed the temple while the Yuan White Pagoda survived; a smaller 1457 Ming temple was rebuilt, and later state protection/restorations are recorded.
- locator
- English page lines 5-11; Chinese bureau page lines 65-80
- support ceiling
- fire can destroy most of a complex while a durable component survives；selective survival, rebuilding and later repair create visible heritage without uninterrupted original complex fabric
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- national fire survival rate；why this pagoda survived relative to all buildings；a stock comparison
Nanyue Grand Temple
page accessed 2026-08-26; present temple dated 1882
The page records six fire destructions and 17 maintenance/rebuilding episodes from the Sui through Qing periods; the present temple is dated 1882.
- locator
- Hunan government page lines 132-143
- support ceiling
- a repeated fire–repair cycle can preserve a site’s continuity of place/use；rebuilding must be separated from uninterrupted original fabric
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- national count of fire cycles；original-material survival；relative mechanism weights
Sacred Resurgence: Revitalizing Buddhist Temples in Modern China
2024
The study links political turmoil, war-like destruction and urban conversion to temple loss/reconstruction, and records 423 entries and 584 destruction/reconstruction instances from 11 local chorographies for 1850-1949.
- locator
- PDF/article lines 26-35, 53-68, 103-121, 136-150, 173-191, 210-220, 604-612, 630-638
- support ceiling
- war/political turmoil and institutional conversion are observed destruction pathways；reconstruction can occur years later and involve monks, laity and economic support；the study provides an explicit bounded unit/universe rather than an unqualified national claim
- 公开素材
- open_access_CC_BY
- 禁止推断
- all-China temple stock；all heritage building types；a Europe comparison；national mechanism shares or rates without harmonisation
Wartime heritage documentation/restoration project in Chongqing
2014
The abstract calls Chongqing a bomb-torn wartime capital and describes a project by scholars, cultural workers, government and artists to record, restore and recount the legacy decades later.
- locator
- Journal page lines 66-112; abstract lines 94-98
- support ceiling
- wartime destruction leaves a preservation/recording problem；postwar documentation and restoration can make a damaged legacy visible
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- citywide building-loss count；original-fabric survival rate；proof that all wartime sites were restored
Ping Yao Ancient City conservation project
UNESCO case-study page; accessed 2026-08-26
Ping Yao is described as a living, exceptionally well-preserved historic city with poor-condition dwellings and tourism pressure; the project reports an integrated conservation framework and over 90 courtyard buildings restored.
- locator
- UNESCO page lines 9-18, 22-39, 43-61
- support ceiling
- urban renewal can coexist with restoration, liveability and adaptive reuse；community/integrated management is a counterexample to an inevitable-demolition story
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- a citywide restoration rate；a national urban-renewal effect；a China-Europe comparison；a causal estimate independent of project reporting
Making urban memory visible: the onscreen transformation of Beijing’s hutong districts during modernization, 1940s-2010s
2025; DOI 10.1017/S0963926824000014
The study describes modernization, large-scale demolition/rebuilding and altered lived memory in Beijing hutongs, while warning that film evidence can be biased.
- locator
- Cambridge body lines 473-515, 621-627
- support ceiling
- urban renewal/demolition can remove vernacular fabric and social memory；the pathway changed over time as heritage value awareness increased
- 公开素材
- open_access_CC_BY
- 禁止推断
- number or share of demolished old buildings；all-China trend；a causal estimate；a complete cadastral inventory
Guideline for protecting and utilizing historical buildings / urban renewal ‘Six No’s’
2024
The guidance rejects large-scale demolition/forced relocation, distinguishes preservation from renewal, lists 1,056 Beijing historical buildings from 2019-2021, and requires original materials/craftsmanship where feasible.
- locator
- Chinese guide lines 21-50; English government page lines 30-42
- support ceiling
- a current formal counter-mechanism exists against indiscriminate renewal；a bounded Beijing list makes protection objects legible；repair/originality categories are explicit
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- implementation or compliance；survival outcome；a denominator for all old buildings；mechanism ranking
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics
government English text; accessed 2026-08-26
The law defines graded protection, registration, boundaries, records, management staff and planning controls, and assigns repair responsibilities with an original-state principle.
- locator
- Articles 13-21, lines 133-164
- support ceiling
- law supplies a concrete register-boundary-planning-repair mechanism；protection制度 is not only a visual label but an allocation of duties and approvals
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- actual registration completeness；repair timeliness；original-fabric survival；national stock comparison
Historic Centre of Warsaw
World Heritage inscription 1980; page accessed 2026-08-26
UNESCO records >85% destruction in 1944, near-total reconstruction, use of extant structures and archives, and a distinction between pre-war remnants and reconstructed features.
- locator
- UNESCO page lines 3-6, 46-70, 73-76
- support ceiling
- visible historic form and original material are distinct variables；reconstruction can preserve a recognized historic concept after catastrophic loss
- 公开素材
- CC_BY_SA_IGO_3.0
- 禁止推断
- any China mechanism；Europe’s stock advantage；cross-country ranking；a claim that reconstructed appearance equals original fabric
Diaolou Buildings and Villages for Tibetan and Qiang Ethnic Groups
tentative-list dossier; accessed 2026-08-26
The dossier identifies 225 diaolou buildings in 15 villages, says most survived the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, and reports preserved materials, functions, techniques and multi-level protection while naming urbanization/tourism threats.
- locator
- UNESCO page lines 91-139
- support ceiling
- a multi-village Chinese building landscape survives a major natural disaster；remote settings, living function, local craft and protection can coexist；the universal disappearance claim is false
- 公开素材
- public_link_short_excerpt_only
- 禁止推断
- national prevalence；ordinary unlisted housing；China-Europe stock difference；causal weight of remoteness versus protection
不确定性与禁止推断
不确定性：record denominator 不是 unique-work denominator。
禁止推断：73 条等于 73 份独立证据；按来源数投票
证据：C1-D-dr-china-principles C1-D-dr-unesco-warsaw C1-D-dr-mem-national-housing-census C1-D-dr-gov-national-risk-census-bulletin C1-D-dr-china-national-key-units-8th C1-D-dr-beijing-historical-buildings-regulation C1-D-dr-beijing-protection-summary-2025 C1-D-dr-beijing-building-unit-guide C1-D-dr-beijing-census-households-2020 C1-D-dr-beijing-open-data-historic-list C1-D-dr-beijing-fangshan-housing-pilot C1-D-dr-england-voa-ctsop-background C1-D-dr-london-voa-stock-extract C1-D-dr-england-listed-building-spec C1-D-dr-england-nhle-arcgis C1-D-dr-london-listed-building-lpa-counts C1-D-dr-england-heritage-counts-2025 C1-D-dr-france-merimee-method C1-D-dr-france-protection-definition C1-D-dr-france-monuments-arcgis C1-D-dr-paris-monuments-query C1-D-dr-paris-insee-housing-2023 C1-D-dr-getty-inventory-quality C1-D-dr-historic-england-selection C1-D-dr-historic-england-har-method C1-D-dr-dcsm-listing-selection C1-D-dr-peer-reviewed-karachi-inventory C1-R-rv-anchor-getty-china-principles C1-R-rv-anchor-getty-development C1-R-rv-anchor-getty-revision C1-R-rv-anchor-icomos-china-metadata C1-R-rv-anchor-china-text-mirror C1-R-rv-anchor-warsaw-unesco C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-whc C1-R-rv-mostar-unesco-story C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-reconstruction C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-chronicle C1-R-rv-dresden-foundation-challenges C1-R-rv-dresden-saxony-archaeology C1-R-rv-dresden-unesco-nomination C1-R-rv-burra-landing C1-R-rv-burra-pdf C1-R-rv-icomos-nz-charter C1-R-rv-icomos-iccrom-recovery-guidance C1-R-rv-unesco-selection-criteria C1-R-rv-historic-england-selection C1-R-rv-historic-england-method C1-R-rv-cuzco-geotagged-photos C1-R-rv-ljubljana-flickr C1-R-rv-amsterdam-flickr C1-R-rv-tourism-sample-bias C1-R-rv-cultural-route-social-media C1-R-rv-nanjing-digital-footprints C1-R-rv-pingyao-unesco C1-R-rv-tallinn-unesco C1-R-rv-cesky-krumlov-unesco C1-R-rv-beijing-hutong-cambridge C1-R-rv-guangzhou-historic-street C1-M-C1-CHINA-PRINCIPLES C1-M-C1-GETTY-CHINA-PRINCIPLES C1-M-C1-UNESCO-TIMBER-CRAFT C1-M-C1-YINGXIAN-FENGGUO C1-M-C1-WUDANG-FIRE C1-M-C1-WHITE-DAGOBA C1-M-C1-NANYUE-FIRE-REPAIR C1-M-C1-SACRED-RESURGENCE C1-M-C1-CHONGQING-WARTIME C1-M-C1-PINGYAO-URBAN C1-M-C1-BEIJING-HUTONG C1-M-C1-BEIJING-URBAN-GUIDE C1-M-C1-CULTURAL-RELIC-LAW C1-M-C1-UNESCO-WARSAW-ANCHOR C1-M-C1-DIAOLOU-COUNTEREXAMPLE
来源与判断差
来源卡逐条区分可证明内容、禁止推断边界与身份核验状态；来源数量不等于证据强度，判断仍受上方证据上限约束。
什么会提高判断
- 同口径普查和逐机制事件数据形成可复算比较
什么会降低判断
- 比较口径变化使观察到的差异消失